[1] A. Andersen, HETEK—Investigation of chloride penetration into bridge columns exposed to deicing salts, The Danish Road Directorate, Report no. 82, Copenhagen, 1997.
[2] G. Fagerlund, Predicting the service-life of concrete exposed to frost action through a modeling of the water absorption process in the air pore system In: H. Jenning, J. Kropp and K. Scrivener, Editors, The Modeling of Microstructure and its Potential for Studying Transport Properties and Durability, Nato ASI Series, Series E: Applied Science vol. 304, Kluwers Academic Publishers, The Netherlands (1996), pp. 503–539.
[3] B.F. Johannesson, Non-linear transient phenomena in porous media with special regard to concrete durability, Adv. Cem. Based Mater. 6 (1997), pp. 71–75.
[4] E. Samson, J. Marchand and J.J. Beaudoin, Describing ion diffusion mechanisms in cement-based materials using the homogenization technique, Cem. Concr. Res. 29 (1999), pp. 1341–1345.
[5] L.A. Richards, Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums, Physics 1 (1931), pp. 318–333.
[6] H.A. Dinulescu and E.R.G. Eckert, Analysis of the one-dimensional moisture migration caused by temperature gradients in a porous media, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 23 (1980), pp. 1069–1078.
[7] G. Dhatt, M. Jacquemier and C. Kadje, Modelling of drying refractory concrete In: M. Mujumdar, Editors, Drying '86 vol. 1, Hemisphere Pub. Corp., New York (1986), pp. 94–104.
[8] J. Selih, A.C.M. Sousa and T.W. Bremner, Moisture transport in initially fully saturated concrete during drying, Transp. Porous Media 24 (1996), pp. 81–106.
[9] T.A. Carpenter, E.S. Davies, C. Hall, L.D. Hall, W.D. Hoff and M.A. Wilson, Capillary water migration in rock: process and material properties examined by NMR imaging, Mat. Struct. 26 (1993), pp. 286–292.
[10] J.F. Daian, Condensation and isothermal water transfer in cement mortar: 1. Pore size distribution, equilibrium water condensation and imbibition, Transp. Porous Media 3 (1988), pp. 563–589.
[11] D.A. De Vries, Simultaneous transfer of heat and moisture in porous media, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 39 (1958) (5), pp. 909–916.
[12] Y. Bachmat and J. Bear, Macroscopic modelling of transport phenomena in porous media: 1. The continuum approach, Transp. Porous Media 1 (1986), pp. 213–240.
[13] J. Bear and Y. Bachmat, Introduction to Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Porous Media, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands (1991).
[14] D.L. Landau and I.M. Lifshitz, Fluid Mechanics, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1987).
[15] S. Whitaker, Simultaneous heat, mass, and momentum transfer in porous media: a theory of drying, Adv. Heat Transf. 13 (1977), pp. 119–203.
[16] B.R. Munson, D.F. Young and T.H. Okiishi, Fundamentals of Fluids Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons, Canada (1990).
[17] F.A.L. Dullien, Porous Media: Fluid Transport and Pore Structure, Academic Press, San Diego (1992).
[18] F. Helfferich, Ion Exchange, McGraw-Hill, New York (1961).
[19] N.S. Martys, Diffusion in partially saturated porous materials, Mat. Struct. 32 (1999), pp. 555–562.
[20] P. Crausse, G. Bacon and S. Bories, Etude fondamentale des transferts couplsés chaleur-masse en milieu poreux, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 24 (1981) (6), pp. 991–1004.
[21] L. Pel, Moisture transport in porous building materials, PhD Thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, 1995.
[22] H.M. Kunzel, Simultaneous heat and moisture transport in building components, PhD Thesis, Fraunhofer Institute of Building Physics, Germany, 1995.
[23] A. Saetta, R. Scotta and R. Vitaliani, Analysis of chloride diffusion into partially saturated concrete, ACI Mater. J. 90 (1993) (5), pp. 441–451.
[24] M. Nagesh and B. Bhattacharjee, Modeling of chloride diffusion in concrete and determination of diffusion coefficients, ACI Mater. J. 95 (1998) (2), pp. 113–120.
[25] P.N. Gospodinov, R.F. Kazandjiev, T.A. Partalin and M.K. Mironova, Diffusion of sulfate ions into cement stone regarding simultaneous chemical reactions and resulting effects, Cem. Concr. Res. 29 (1999), pp. 1591–1596.
[26] K.A. Snyder, The relationship between the formation factor and the diffusion coefficient of porous materials saturated with concentrated electrolytes: theoretical and experimental considerations, Concr. Sci. Eng. 3 (2001) (12), pp. 216–224.
[27] K.A. Snyder and J. Marchand, Effect of speciation on the apparent diffusion coefficient in nonreactive porous systems, Cem. Concr. Res. 31 (2001), pp. 1837–1845.
[28] M. Masi, D. Colella, G. Radaelli and L. Bertolini, Simulation of chloride penetration in cement-based materials, Cem. Concr. Res. 27 (1997) (10), pp. 1591–1601.
[29] O. Truc, J.P. Ollivier and L.O. Nilsson, Numerical simulation of multi-species diffusion, Mat. Struct. 33 (2000), pp. 566–573.
[30] R. Mills and V.M.M. Lobo, Self-Diffusion Coefficients, Elsevier, New York (1989).
[31] J.O.M. Bockris, B.E. Conway and E. Yeager, Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry: Volume 1. The Double Layer, Plenum Press, New York (1980).
[32] A. Revil, Ionic diffusivity, electrical conductivity, membrane and thermoelectric potentials in colloids and granular porous media: a unified model, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 212 (1999), pp. 503–522.
[33] Y. Xi, Z. Bazant, L. Molina and H.M. Jennings, Moisture diffusion in cementitious materials—moisture capacity and diffusivity, Adv. Cem. Based Mater. 1 (1994), pp. 258–266.
[34] J. Bear and Y. Bachmat, Macroscopic modelling of transport phenomena in porous media: 2. Applications to mass, momentum and energy transport, Transp. Porous Media 1 (1996), pp. 241–269.
[35] M. Silberbush, S. Sorek and A. Yakirevich, K+ uptake by root systems grown in soil under salinity: 1, A mathematical model, Transp. Porous Media 11 (1993), pp. 101–116.
[36] J.C. Kotz and K.F. Purcell, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, Saunders College Publishing, New York (1987).
[37] J.F. Pankow, Aquatic Chemistry Concepts, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea (1994).
[38] E. Samson, G. Lemaire, J. Marchand and J.J. Beaudoin, Modeling chemical activity effects in strong ionic solutions, Comput. Mater. Sci. 15 (1999) (3), pp. 285–294.
[39] J. Rubin, Transport of reacting solutes in porous media: relation between mathematical nature of problem formulation and chemical nature of reactions, Water Resour. Res. 19 (1983) (5), pp. 1231–1252.
[40] R. Barbarulo, J. Marchand, K.A. Snyder and S. Prené, Dimensional analysis of ionic transport problems in hydrated cement systems—Part 1. Theoretical considerations, Cem. Concr. Res. 30 (2000), pp. 1955–1960. (PDF Version)
[41] G.T. Yeh and V.S. Tripathi, A critical evaluation of recent developments in hydrogeochemical transport models of reactive multichemical components, Water Resour. Res. 25 (1989) (1), pp. 93–108.
[42] D.J. Kirkner and H. Reeves, Multicomponent mass transport with homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions: effect of the chemistry on the choice of numerical algorithm: 1. Theory, Water Resour. Res. 24 (1988) (10), pp. 1719–1729.
[43] H. Reeves and D.J. Kirkner, Multicomponent mass transport with homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions: effect of the chemistry on the choice of numerical algorithm: 2. Numerical results, Water Resour. Res. 24 (1988) (10), pp. 1730–1739.
[44] J.C. Friedly and J. Rubin, Solute transport with multiple equilibrium-controlled or kinetically-controlled chemical reactions, Water Resour. Res. 28 (1992), pp. 1935–1953.
[45] C.I. Steefel and K.T.B. MacQuarrie, Approaches to modeling of reactive transport in porous media In: P.C. Lichtner, C.I. Steefel and E.H. Oelkers, Editors, Reactive Transport in Porous Media, Reviews in Mineralogy vol. 34, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC (1996), pp. 83–129.
[46] T. Xu, K. Pruess and G. Brimhall, An improved equilibrium-kinetics speciation algorithm for redox reactions in variably saturated subsurface flow systems, Comput. Geosci. 25 (1999), pp. 655–666.
[47] C. Andrade, Calculation of chloride diffusion coefficients in concrete from ionic migration measurements, Cem. Concr. Res. 23 (1993), pp. 724–742.
[48] T. Zhang and O.E. Gjorv, An electrochemical method for accelerated testing of chloride diffusivity in concrete, Cem. Concr. Res. 24 (1994) (8), pp. 1534–1548.
[49] L. Tang and L.O. Nilsson, Rapid determination of the chloride diffusivity in concrete by applying an electrical field, ACI Mater. J. 89 (1992) (1), pp. 49–53.
[50] E. Samson, J. Marchand and K.A. Snyder, Calculation of ionic diffusion coefficients on the basis of migration test results, Mat. Struct. 36 (2003), pp. 156–165. (PDF Version)